Showing posts with label Piping Engineering. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Piping Engineering. Show all posts

Saturday, October 19, 2024

How to Prepare Yourself for a Piping Engineering Interview?

10:06 AM 0



" Piping engineering is one of the most sought-after courses in the oil and gas industry. Its popularity is the variety of opportunities it showcases – perks, benefits, competitive salary on expertise, enhancement of practical skills."

During a job interview for this position, an interviewer may ask several questions to assess your knowledge and learn about your personality and background. Learning about the types of questions an interviewer may ask can help you prepare thoughtful responses to highlight your expertise.

To prepare yourself for an interview, one must understand few things very clearly :- 
a) Every interview is a gateway for a better life. So we must respect the value of an interviews.
b) Every industry is so unique from an other industry. So the competence required from industries to industries varies. And it also applies for companies across the country.
c) Expectation of an employer for of a specific job role may vary with different employers. Like the criteria’s set by an employer for a Piping Engineer Jobs may entirely vary from the criteria’s of an other employer.


Now here are the most important thing to understand before going to any interview.

Gaining in-depth knowledge :-
A piping engineer’s task involves many aspects such as installing or maintaining pipes, surveying prospective sites, etc. To ensure that you would work efficiently, you need to have in-depth knowledge of the subjects supporting such work. So, start strengthening your foundation skills.
But for entry level engineers and designers some imp points to prepare are
  • Concept of views Top, front and left specially in case of pipes.
  • Calculation of pipe spool length of different sizes pipe.
  • Tank farm wall height calculation.
  • Types of heat exchangers mainly the fundamentals taught in HMT during graduation.
  • Concepts of fluid mechanics and machinery.
  • Some knowledge about different statutory codes is also important.
Get enrolled for an enhanced online course :-
We may have all the subject related knowledge, but in the field, many such things would require a whole set of different applications to the already existing knowledge we have. So, if you are not 99% sure about piping engineering, enroll for an online course as the topics covered, and skill enhancement involved will be streamlined as per industry requirement and needs. Therefore, look out for the correct online course for piping engineering.


Revise all Piping System Basics :-
  • Piping and Pipe Fittings.
  • Piping Codes and Standards. 
  • Piping Standards Engineering Practices.
  • Engineering and Workflow Process in Piping.
  • Inputs Required for Drawing Preparations.
  • Familiar with Design Areas such as Pipe Rack, Pump Piping, Drum Piping, Column Piping, Compressor Piping and Heat Exchanger Piping.
  • Familiar with Basic of Flexibility Analysis and Pipe Supports.
  • Familiar with Piping Materials used in Your Experience.
What challenges are you looking for in this position?
A typical interview question to determine what you are looking for your in next job, and whether you would be a good fit for the position being hired for, is “What challenges are you looking for in a position As Piping Engineer?” The best way to answer questions about the challenges you are seeking is to discuss how you would like to be able to effectively utilize your skills and experience if you were hired for the job. You can also mention that you are motivated by challenges, have the ability to effectively meet challenges, and have the flexibility and skills necessary to handle a challenging job. You can continue by describing specific examples of challenges you have met and goals you have achieved in the past.

Prepare Good CV :-
  • Know your CV very well and Revise Everything Written in your CV . And make sure you have only mentioned what you know properly .
  • Do not mention salary details on your CV. Rather, salary negotiations are something you do at a later stage in the interviewing process. By mentioning your salary requirements in your CV, the recruiter might look at it as a red flag that you’re too focused on the money.
  • Properly include the personal information like Your name, phone number, email, and address are all the personal details a CV needs to have.
  • Poor Formatting is the one of the main reason for rejection of your CV . Generally a recruiter spends no more than 6-8 seconds reading a CV. If your CV doesn’t catch their attention in these brief seconds, they’re simply going to skip over it and move on to the next candidate.
  • If your CV has spelling errors, typos, and bad grammar all over it, you might be seen as a lousy communicator, careless, or uninterested in the position.

What's your salary history?
When you are interviewing for a new job, it is common practice for the company to ask you about your salary history. I typically want to know what the candidate's base salary is, if they receive any bonus, the average bonus amount, and any additional compensation or perks, such as 500k matching, stock grants or stock options, paid time off and how much they are required to pay towards their medical premiums.

Why are you leaving your current job?
This is a toughie, but one you can be sure you'll be asked. Definitely keep things positive-you have nothing to gain by being negative about your past employers. Instead, frame things in a way that shows that you're eager to take on new opportunities and that the role you're interviewing for is a better fit for you than your current or last position. For example, “I'd really love to be part of product development from beginning to end, and I know I'd have that opportunity here.” And if you were let go? Keep it simple: “Unfortunately, I was let go,” is a totally OK answer.


What do you know about our company?
You always want to make sure that you're pretty familiar with the company that you're interviewing with. Nothing looks worse than a candidate who knows nothing about the company they say they're interested in working for. Find out everything you can about the company, its culture and its goals. You will also want to know how the company is positioned in its market as well as who its major competitors are.


Saturday, October 5, 2019

What does Pipeline Installation mean?

4:04 AM 0
What does Pipeline Installation mean?

Pipeline Installation refers to the laying of a pipeline to transport natural resources from the place of extraction to where they can be used or even within the place of their extraction. Laying pipeline on the seafloor can be challenging, especially when the water is deep. The most common methods of installing pipelines are S-lay, J-lay and Reel-lay. Other methods that are being used for installing pipelines are tow methods. The tow methods can be used to install pipelines from the shallow water depths to deep water depths.

The methods that are used to install pipelines are as follows:
  • S-lay: S-shaped curve is formed when the pipe curves downward while coming off the lay barge through the water until the pipe reaches the touchdown point. This method is different when compared to other methods because a stringer is used to support the pipe when it leaves the tensioner and the barge to avoid pipe buckling.
  • J-lay: This method is named due to its J-shaped curve formed after the pipe reaches the touchdown point. It is simpler and can be used easily in deepwater as compared to the S-lay method.
  • Reel-lay method: This method lowers the pipeline from the reel mounted on the vessel. It is able to install flexible pipes and smaller diameter pipes.
  • Tow methods are used to suspend pipes in water through buoyancy modules. One or two tug boats are used to drop the pipes into place. The tow methods consist of bottom tow, off-bottom tow, mid-depth tow and surface tow.

General installation requirements
Pipework must:
  • Comply with the durability requirements of Building Code clause B2 Durability
  • Be compatible with the support
  • Be installed to allow for thermal movement
  • Be protected from freezing by insulation, or being buried below the level of freezing
  • Be protected from damage
  • Be wrapped in flexible material or sleeved when penetrating masonry or concrete.

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

Types of PIPING JOINTS

3:50 AM 0


PIPING JOINTS 


Joint design and selection can have a major impact on the initial installed cost, the long-range operating and maintenance cost, and the performance of the piping system. Factors that must be considered in the joint selection phase of the project design include material cost, installation labor cost, degree of leakage integrity required, periodic maintenance requirements, and specific performance requirements. In addition, since codes do impose some limitations on joint applications, joint selection must meet the applicable code requirements. In the paragraphs that follow, the above-mentioned considerations will be briefly discussed for a number of common pipe joint configurations.




Butt-welded Joints

Butt-welding is the most common method of joining piping used in large commercial, institutional, and industrial piping systems. Material costs are low, but labor costs are moderate to high due to the need for specialized welders and fitters. Long term leakage integrity is extremely good, as is structural and mechanical strength. The interior surface of a butt-welded piping system is smooth and continuous which results in low pressure drop. The system can be assembled with internal weld backing rings to reduce fit-up and welding costs, but backing rings create internal crevices, which can trap corrosion products. In the case of nuclear piping systems, these crevices can cause a concentration of radioactive solids at the joints, which can lead to operating and maintenance problems. Backing rings can also lead to stress concentration effects, which may promote fatigue cracks under vibratory or other cyclic loading conditions. Butt-welded joints made up without backing rings are more expensive to construct, but the absence of interior crevices will effectively minimize ‘‘crud’’ buildup and will also enhance the piping system’s resistance to fatigue failures. Most butt-welded piping installations are limited to NPS 21⁄₂ (DN 65) or larger. There is no practical upper size limit in butt-welded construction.


Butt-welding fittings and pipe system accessories are available down to NPS 1⁄₂ (DN 15). However, economic penalties associated with pipe end preparation and fit-up, and special weld procedure qualifications normally preclude the use of butt-welded construction in sizes NPS 2 (DN 50) and under, except for those special cases where interior surface smoothness and the elimination of internal crevices are of paramount importance. Smooth external surfaces give butt-welded construction high aesthetic appeal.


Socket-welded Joints

Socket-welded construction is a good choice wherever the benefits of high leakage integrity and great structural strength are important design considerations. Construction costs are somewhat lower than with butt-welded joints due to the lack of exacting fit-up requirements and elimination of special machining for butt weld end preparation. The internal crevices left in socket-welded systems make them less suitable for corrosive or radioactive applications where solids buildup at the joints may cause operating or maintenance problems. Fatigue resistance is lower than that in butt-welded construction due to the use of fillet welds and abrupt fitting geometry, but it is still better than that of most mechanical joining methods. Aesthetic appeal is good.



Brazed and Soldered Joints


Brazing and soldering are most often used to join copper and copper-alloy piping systems, although brazing of steel and aluminum pipe and tubing is possible. Brazing and soldering both involve the addition of molten filler metal to a close-fitting annular joint. The molten metal is drawn into the joint by capillary action and solidifies to fuse the parts together. The parent metal does not melt in brazed or soldered construction. The advantages of these joining methods are high leakage integrity and installation productivity. Brazed and soldered joints can be made up with a minimum of internal deposits. Pipe and tubing used for brazed and soldered construction can be purchased with the interior surfaces cleaned and the ends capped, making this joining method popular for medical gases and high-purity pneumatic control installations. Soldered joints are normally limited to near-ambient temperature systems and domestic water supply. Brazed joints can be used at moderately elevated temperatures. Most brazed and soldered installations are constructed using light-wall tubing; consequently the mechanical strength of these systems is low.


Threaded or Screwed Joints



Threaded or screwed piping is commonly used in low-cost, noncritical applications such as domestic water, fire protection, and industrial cooling water systems. Installation productivity is moderately high, and specialized installation skill requirements are not extensive. Leakage integrity is good for low-pressure, low-temperature installations where vibration is not encountered. Rapid temperature changes may lead to leaks due to differential thermal expansion between the pipe and fittings. Vibration can result in fatigue failures of screwed pipe joints due to the high stress intensification effects caused by the sharp notches at the base of the threads. Screwed fittings are normally made of cast gray or malleable iron, cast brass or bronze, or forged alloy and carbon steel. Screwed construction is commonly used with galvanized pipe and fittings for domestic water and drainage applications. While certain types of screwed fittings are available in up to NPS 12 (DN300), economic considerations normally limit industrial applications to NPS 3 (DN 80). Screwed piping systems are useful where disassembly and reassembly are necessary to accommodate maintenance needs or process changes. Threaded or screwed joints must be used within the limitations imposed by the rules and requirements of the applicable code.




Grooved Joints





The main advantages of the grooved joints are their ease of assembly, which results in low labor cost, and generally good leakage integrity. They allow a moderate amount of axial movement due to thermal expansion, and they can accommodate some axial misalignment. The grooved construction prevents the joint from separating under pressure. Among their disadvantages are the use of an elastomer seal, which limits their high-temperature service, and their lack of resistance to torsional loading. While typical applications involve machining the groove in standard wall pipe, light wall pipe with rolled-in grooves may also be used. Grooved joints are used extensively for fire protection, ambient temperature service water, and low pressure drainage applications such as floor and equipment drain systems and roof drainage conductors. They are a good choice where the piping system must be disassembled and reassembled frequently for maintenance or process changes.



Flanged Joints


Flanged connections are used extensively in modern piping systems due to their ease of assembly and disassembly; however, they are costly. Contributing to the high cost are the material costs of the flanges themselves and the labor costs for attaching the flanges to the pipe and then bolting the flanges to each other. Flanges are normally attached to the pipe by threading or welding, although in some special cases a flange-type joint known as a lap joint may be made by forging and machining the pipe end. Flanged joints are prone to leakage in services that experience rapid temperature fluctuations. These fluctuations cause high-temperature differentials between the flange body and bolting, which eventually causes the bolt stress to relax, allowing the joint to open up. Leakage is also a concern in high-temperature installations where bolt stress relaxation due to creep is experienced. Periodic retorquing of the bolted connections to reestablish the required seating pressure on the gasket face can minimize these problems. Creep-damaged bolts in high temperature installations must be periodically replaced to reestablish the required gasket seating pressure. Flanged joints are commonly used to join dissimilar materials, e.g., steel pipe to cast-iron valves and in systems that require frequent maintenance disassembly and reassembly. Flanged construction is also used extensively in lined piping systems.




Compression Joints


Compression sleeve-type joints are used to join plain end pipe without special end preparations. These joints require very little installation labor and as such result in an economical overall installation. Advantages include the ability to absorb a limited amount of thermal expansion and angular misalignment and the ability to join dissimilar piping materials, even if their outside diameters are slightly different.

Disadvantages include the use of rubber or other elastomer seals, which limits their high-temperature application, and the need for a separate external thrust-resisting system at all turns and dead ends to keep the line from separating under pressure. Compression joints are frequently used for temporary piping systems or systems that must be dismantled frequently for maintenance. When equipped with the proper gaskets and seals, they may be used for piping systems containing air, other gases, water, and oil; in both aboveground and underground service. Small-diameter compression fittings with all-metal sleeves may be used at elevated temperatures and pressures, when permitted by the rules and requirements of the applicable code. They are common in instrument and control tubing installations and other applications where high seal integrity and easy assembly and disassembly are desirable attributes.

Thursday, September 26, 2019

What is PDMS(Plant Design Management System) & Advantages of PDMS ?

12:05 AM 0

Its a product by AVEVA is known as a multi-defined, user-defined, and multi-user software that is used in designing and engineering along with the construction projects. It is a 3D design software that helps the designers to work in a team or alone into their own 3D environment. They can also able to view the designs of others as well.
  • It is a customizable, multi-user and multi-discipline, engineer controlled design software package for engineering.
  • Multiple users or designers can work at the same time.
  • 3D Design Software for plant design from Aveva Plant
  • Fully interactive, color-shaded design setting
  • Positioning & selection of parametric components from a wide-ranging catalogue
  • Status Management function for visual highlighting
  • Configure integrity checking & Clash checking
  • Offers automatic, configurable generation of wide-ranging reports & drawings
  • .NET API & PML for system customization
  • Integrate with other AVEVA Plant interface products & applications.
Advantages of PDMS :-
  • To see the actual model of the plant in the software with exact dimensions.
  • To reduce the material from 10% to 30% from the manual calculations of the material of the project.
  • We can save time while designing the project in pdms. Designing project in 2d like AutoCAD taking much more time as compared to pdms.
  • In pdms we check the piping clashes of the piping, equipment and other inter disciplines.
  • Designing is of piping is more accurate. Because we can see all space around the plant.
  • Very less chance of rework, if the designing is done on the pdms. This helps us to save fabrication time on the yard.
  • he accuracy is more in pdms as compared to other 2D software.
  • PDMS can generate the material take off report of each every component in the pdms, which is not possible in 2d software. From the material takeoff report we can get exact quantities of material which are going to use in the plant for fabrication purpose. We can order that material as the material take off reports.
  • From pdms we can run isometric drawing of the piping for fabrication purpose automatically. In AutoCAD isometric drawings are taking too much time.
  • Modification of any pipe, equipment or structure can be done easy as compared to other software.
  • PDMS is user friendly with other software like Caesar II for stress calculations and With AutoCAD to import the data from pdms to these seawares.
  • We can be design supports for piping in the hanger and supports module. Pdms is commands based software. While operating the software we required some command to use the software.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

What is Piping Engineering and Its Scope in Mechanical Industries ?

11:58 PM 0

Before we Learn about What is Piping Engineering and scope of Piping Engineering In Mechanical Based Industries . First lets Know about What is Pipe and Piping Process ?

When a fluid is required to be transferred from one location to other, pipe is required. A pipe is considered as a pressure tight cylinder which is used to convey fluids under pressure through materials of commercially available designation.


What is a Pipe ?
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far stronger per unit weight than solid members.
Piping systems act like a nervous system for the flow of fluid in the huge network of any industry around the globe.


What is Piping ?
Piping is an assembly of pipe, pipe fittings, valves, instruments and specialty components.
Piping is divided into three major categories:
  • Large bore pipe generally includes piping which is greater than two inches in diameter.
  • Small bore pipe generally includes piping which is two inches and smaller in diameter.
  • Tubing is supplied in sizes up to four inches in diameter but has a wall thickness less than that of either large bore or small bore piping and is typically joined by compression fittings.

What is Piping Engineering ?
The most interesting branch of science in Mechanical Engineering is Piping .Piping Engineering has great scope all over the World. Piping is more often referred as ‘HALF SCIENCE & HALF ART’. 

Piping Engineering is a specialized engineering discipline that deals with the planning and layout of a robust piping system with an aim to effectively transport fluids, such as liquids and gases, from one point to the other within a process plant or a commercial building.

Owing to the fact that pipes are quite elementary to our day-to-day needs and to industries such as Oil & Gas, Energy, Construction, Manufacturing, Chemical etc., there is always a need for trained and skilled Piping Engineers who can support the design, implementation and maintenance of complex and large-scale piping systems for these industries.Piping engineering is all about designing, fabricating and constructing lines for conveying fluids.
Importance of Piping Engineering:

  • To maintain pressure difference (Δp)
  • To maintain temperature difference (Δt)
  • To maintain flow rate (Δq)
Piping Engineering includes production of various drawings and documents. It is very important for any industrial plant. Some of the activities for Piping Design and Detailed Engineering :- 3D modeling, plot plan, stress anaysis, support engineering, piping modeling, support modeling and many more.

The Best software used for Piping Engineering by us:-

  • SP3D(Civil engineering/Electrical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering)
  • PDMS
  • PDS
  • CAESAR-2
Moreover, with increasing modernisation and industrial growth, the Piping Industry is also poised for greater heights which will result in more employment opportunities for Mechanical Engineers who are trained in this high potential domain.

Scope of Work & Responsibilities of Piping Engineer :-

  • The piping department of an engineering and construction company generally begins with the piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID).
  • Process department prepares process flow sheet, which begins with the chemical reaction and after carrying out material and energy balance and equipment selection, which is further utilized to prepare a first version of P&ID.
  • This means that one can now begin actual plant design. Going through steps of plot plan and equipment layout, the next step is to start designing piping system for material transport.
  • In our course, we will be adopting a building block concept, where we will begin with pipes selected by line sizing and hydraulics of pumps and compressors used to transport material. These pipes are “connected” using pumps and compressors, add to it the valves, safety devices, measuring instruments and control components and first rough sketch of piping structure would be over.
  • However a scientific and systematic approach is developed over the years and design codes and practices evolved are used to go through a step-by-step procedure to come up with a piping system structure.
  • Learning this systematic science is the aim of this course. No such structure will be approved by engineers unless its stress analysis is done including stress at the connecting components such as nozzles, flanges, pipe supports and so on.
  • We will be using pipe stress software to find if designed structure can sustain static, dynamic and combined stresses
  • General flowcharts for piping design procedures in parts at least are provided during the actual exercises.
  • Thus, process and piping are becoming a major force in engineering, procurement and construction (epc) companies as part of Engineering IT culture being developed and justify a growing need for qualified engineers to take up this profession.

Standard & Codes that need to be followed while Designing or Manufacturing any Piping System

11:54 PM 0


There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include:

  • ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series
  • ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)
  • ASME B31.3 Process piping
  • ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids and oil and gas
  • ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
  • ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
  • ASME B31.9 Building services piping
  • ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4)
  • ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
  • ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
  • ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles.
  • API - American Petroleum Institute
  • API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industries—Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems.
  • CWB - Canadian Welding Bureau
  • EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code
  • EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General
  • EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
  • EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation
  • EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation
  • EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing
  • EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping
  • PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures
  • EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping.
  • GOST, RD, SNiP, SP - Russian piping codes
  • RD 10-249 Power Piping
  • GOST 32388 Process Piping, HDPE Piping
  • SNiP 2.05.06-85 & SP 36.13330.2012 Gas and Oil transmission piping systems
  • EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines
  • AWS - American Welding Society
  • AWWA - American Water Works Association
  • MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society
  • ANSI - American National Standards Institute
  • NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
  • EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association

CODES AND STANDARDS USED IN PIPING ENGINEERING

11:40 PM 0


WHY IT IS REQUIRED ?
  • Selection of proper material and detail out the material specification.
  • Standardization can and does reduce cost, inconvenience and confusion that result from unnecessary and undesirable difference in systems.
  • One of main objective of each code is to ensure public and industrial safety.

DEFINITIONS:-
Industry standard are published by professional societies, committees and trade organizations. It can be broadly classified into the following categories......
  • CODE
  • STANDARDS
  • RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

CODE :-
A group of general rules r systematic procedures for design, fabrication, installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into law.

STANDARDS :-
Documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are believed to be good and proper engineering practices and which contain mandatory requirements.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES:-
Documents prepared by a professional group or committee indicating good engineering practices but which are optional.

STANDARDS FOR PIPING DESIGN:-
  • ASMEB31.1: Powerpiping
  • ASME B31.2: Fuel Gas piping.
  • ASME B31.3: Process piping.
  • ASME B31.4: Pipeline Transportation system for liquid Hydrocarbon and other liquids
  • ASMEB31.5: Refrigeration piping.
  • ASME B31.8: Gas Transmission and Distribution piping.
STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS:-

PIPES:
  • B36.10M: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipes
  • B36.19M: Stainless Steel Pipes
Flanges:-
  • B16.5: Steel Pipe flanges and flanged fittings
  • B16.47: Large diameter steel flanges
  • B16.48: Steel Line Blanks
  • API 5L: Line Pipe.
FITTINGS:-
  • B 16.9: Factory Made Wrought Steel Butt- Welding Fitting
  • B 16.11: Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding & Threaded

VALVES:-
  • API 594: Wafer And Wafer Lug And Double Flanged Check Valve
  • API 599: Metal Plug Valves-Tanged & Welding Ends
  • API 600: Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt Welding Ends, Bolted and Pressure Seal Bonnet
  • API 6D: Pipe line valves, End closures,Counselors end swivels
  • API 593:Ductile Iron Plug Valves- Flanged ends.
  • API 600: Steel gate valves.
  • BS 1414: Steel Wedge Gate Valves flanged Cud Butt Welding Ends)
  • BS 1868: Steel Check Valves) flanged & Butt Welding Ends)
  • BS 1873: Steel Globe, Globe stop cud Check Valves )Flanged & butt welding ends.
  • BS 5351: Steel Ball Valves
  • BS/EN 593: Specification for Butterfly valves
  • BS 5352:Steel Wedge Gate, Globe and Check Valves 50mm and Smaller
  • BS 5353:Steel Plug Valves
  • Bd 6364:Valves For Cryogenic Services.
GASKETS:-
  • B 16.53:Metallic Gaskets for Steel pipe flanges, ring joint, Spirel-Wound, and gasketed.

Commonly Used ASTM Materials in Process and Power Plants

11:34 PM 0

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Types of Loads Considered for Piping Stress Analysis

12:31 AM 0

Piping Stress Analysis is the practice and discipline carried out behind the scenes of any piping design project to ensure structural and operational integrity, and optimal design. All piping systems are inevitably subjected to various kinds of loads in their design life cycle. These loads develop stresses in the arrangement. Pipe stress engineers typically analyze such systems for stress using reliable software such as Caesar II to check that the stress levels are within the permissible limits as defined by the codes/standards. 

The following are some of the most common type of loads considered during stress analysis:-

Wind Load:
The majority of all piping system installations are indoors where the effects of wind loading can be neglected. However, there are sufficient numbers of outdoor piping installations where wind loading can be a significant design factor. Wind load, like dead weight, is a uniformly distributed load that acts along the entire length, or that portion of the piping system that is exposed to the wind. The difference is that while dead weight loads are oriented in the downward vertical direction, wind loads are horizontally oriented and may act in any arbitrary direction. Since wind loads are oriented in the horizontal direction, the regular dead weight support system of hangers and anchors may have little or no ability to resist these loads. Consequently,when wind loading is a factor, a separate structural evaluation and wind load support system design is required.

Determination of the magnitude of the wind loading's is based upon empirical procedures developed for the design of buildings and other outdoor structures. Analysis of piping system stresses and support system loads is accomplished by using techniques that are similar to those applied for dead weight design.

Snow and Ice Loads:
Snow and ice loads, like wind loads, need to be considered in the design of piping systems which are installed outdoors, particularly if the installation is made in the northern latitudes. Since snow and ice loads act in the vertical direction, they are treated the same as dead weight loads. In design, they are simply added as distributed loads in the dead weight analysis.

a) SNOW LOADS :-
ANSI/ASCE 7–95, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, provides recommendations and data for developing design loading's due to snow. The methods used in this standard are generally applicable to sloping or horizontal flat surfaces such as building roofs or grade slabs.

b)ICE LOADS:-
Ice storms are sporadic in the frequency of their occurrence and in their intensity. Weather records dating back to the turn of the 20th century for a typical mid western state relate instances of ice storm deposits of 1/8 in (3.2 mm) to 4 in (102 mm) in thickness. The American Weather Book 10 cites examples of ice accumulations of up to 8 in (203 mm) in northern Idaho (1961) and 6 in (152 mm)
in northwest Texas (1940) and New York State (1942).

Seismic (Earthquake) Loads :-
Under certain circumstances it is necessary or desirable to design a piping system to withstand the effects of an earthquake. Although the applications are not extensive, piping system seismic design technology is well developed and readily accessible.Many currently available piping stress analysis computer programs are capable of performing a detailed seismic structural and stress analysis, in addition to the traditional deadweight and thermal flexibility analyses. Most of these programs run
on desktop microcomputers. Because of the higher construction costs and design complexities introduced by the application of seismic design criteria, this type of work is normally done only
in response to specific regulatory, code, or contractual requirements.

Sustained Loads :-
Sustained loads exist throughout the plant’s operation. These mainly consist of internal pressure and dead-weight. Dead-weight is generally from weight of pipes, fittings, components such as valves, operating fluid, test fluid, insulation, cladding, lining etc. These are to be considered as follows:
  • Design pressure
  • Weight of Pipe and associated components such as Flanges, Valves, Strainer, Sight glass etc., mounted on the Piping System.
  • Weight of Fluid/contents in the piping
  • Insulation and cladding weight
  • Hydro test loads, if applicable
  • Snow load, if applicable
Different international piping codes have set the limits that are also called “allowable stresses for sustained loads”, on these axial stresses caused by dead-weight and pressure in order to avoid “failure by collapse”. To achieve the allowable stresses for sustained loads, it is often required to support the piping system vertically.

Occasional loads :-
These type of loads are imposed on piping by occasional events like wind, earthquake etc. Wind loads are considered for lines with external diameter 14” NB (including insulation) or above and at elevation 10 meters or higher from the ground level. Wind normally blows in the horizontal plane and to protect piping from wind, it is standard practice to attach lateral supports. In case of an earthquake, the earth seems to move vertically and to protect the piping against both horizontal/vertical movement, some resting supports might be constructed as integral two way lateral and vertical restraints. Normal operating temperature is used when analyzing occasional loads.

PSV Reaction Force :-
If the piping system in question includes PSV (pressure safety valve), then the reaction force due to PSV operation is considered as applicable. While analyzing PSV connected stress systems, the reaction force needs to be calculated. A dynamic load factor equal to 2.0 must be applied on the valve reaction force value. But in case of high reaction force values, the DLF value calculated as per appendix-II of ASME B31.1 should be used. This needs to consider valve data provided by vendor.

Slug Force :-
Slug force has to be considered in stress analysis for lines that have slug flow regime. It is calculated as follows:
Fslug = (ρ) (A) (V2) [2(1 – cos θ)]1/2 DLF
Where,
Fslug = Force due to slug in Newton.
ρ = Density of the slug in Kg/m3
A = Inside area of pipe cross section in m2,
V = Velocity of moving slug in m/sec.
θ = inclusion angle at elbow or change of direction
DLF = Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) equal to two shall be used, unless more accurate value is available.
Faxial = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF
Forthogonal = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF

Slug properties can be obtained from Process group.
The equivalent static analysis in Caesar-II is performed to simulate slug loading in piping system using the above formula for calculating slug force.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

What is ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)?

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What is ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)?

The most populer and comprehensive set of codes and standards used around the globe in mechanical design and construction are the ASME codes & standards.ASME is a not-for-profit professional organization.

ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

ASME was founded in 1880 by Alexander Lyman Holley, Henry Rossiter Worthington, John Edison Sweet and Matthias N. Forney in response to numerous steam boiler pressure vessel failures.Known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices, ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations,holds numerous technical conferences and hundreds of professional development courses each year, and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs.

The organization’s stated vision is to be the premier organization for promoting the art, science and practice of mechanical and multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences to the diverse communities throughout the world.

Its stated mission is to promote and enhance the technical competency and professional well-being of its members, and through quality programs and activities in mechanical engineering, better enable its practitioners to contribute to the well-being of humankind. As of 2006, the ASME has 120,000 members.

ASME boiler and pressure vessel code (BPVC) :-
The largest ASME standard, both in size and in the number of volunteers involved in its preparation, is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). The BPVC provides rules for the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, care, and use of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear components. The code also includes standards on materials, welding and brazing procedures and qualifications, nondestructive examination, and nuclear in-service inspection.


Core values include:
  • Embrace integrity and ethical conduct.
  • Embrace diversity and respect the dignity and culture of all people.
  • Nurture and treasure the environment and our natural and man-made resources.
  • Facilitate the development, dissemination and application of engineering knowledge.
  • Promote the benefits of continuing education and of engineering education.
  • Respect and document engineering history while continually embracing change.
  • Promote the technical and societal contribution of engineers.

Student competitions
  • ASME holds a variety of competitions every year for engineering students from around the world.
  • Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC)
  • Student Design Competition (SDC)
  • Innovative Design Simulation Challenge (IDSC)
  • Innovative Additive Manufacturing 3D Challenge (IAM3D)
  • Old Guard Competitions
  • Innovation Showcase (IShow)
  • Student Design Expositions