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An HVAC system is usually dimensioned based on the heat load of the space that requires cooling. But the required ventilation needs, depending on both application and occupation, are often overlooked. A simple air change calculation may assist in finding the right amount of fresh air ventilation. Simple calculation :- Use the table below to find the required amount of air changes per hour. Calculate the volume of the space to be conditioned in either m ³  (for SI units) or in ft ³  (for I-P units). Calculate the required airflow: Airflow Air changes table :- The table below shows the required air change rate values based on data from The Engineering Toolbox [1], Nuaire [2] and Technisch Adviesbureau Betuwe [3].

If a closed container is partially filled with water, then some of the water molecules in the liquid will leave the surface of the water and become vapor. Once some water molecules are present as vapor they will also re-enter the liquid. After some time at constant temperature equilibrium will be reached where the same number of molecules are leaving and entering the liquid. At this equilibrium point the relative humidity of the water vapor is 100%. What is Relative Humidity :- Relative humidity (RH) is the percentage of water vapour present in the air relative to the amount that would be present in the equilibrium state. The equilibrium point is temperature dependent. At higher temperatures the equilibrium occurs with more water vapor. If the container above was heated to 86ºF (30ºC) the water and water vapor would no longer be in equilibrium. The relative humidity of the vapor right after increasing the temperature would be 57%. This means that immediately after heating the...

Its a product by AVEVA is known as a multi-defined, user-defined, and multi-user software that is used in designing and engineering along with the construction projects. It is a 3D design software that helps the designers to work in a team or alone into their own 3D environment. They can also able to view the designs of others as well. It is a customizable, multi-user and multi-discipline, engineer controlled design software package for engineering. Multiple users or designers can work at the same time. 3D Design Software for plant design from Aveva Plant Fully interactive, color-shaded design setting Positioning & selection of parametric components from a wide-ranging catalogue Status Management function for visual highlighting Configure integrity checking & Clash checking Offers automatic, configurable generation of wide-ranging reports & drawings .NET API & PML for system customization Integrate with other AVEVA Plant interface products & applicatio...

Before we Learn about What is Piping Engineering and scope of Piping Engineering In Mechanical Based Industries . First lets Know about What is Pipe and Piping Process ? When a fluid is required to be transferred from one location to other, pipe is required. A pipe is considered as a pressure tight cylinder which is used to convey fluids under pressure through materials of commercially available designation. What is a Pipe ? A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far stronger per unit weight than solid members. Piping systems act like a nervous system for the flow of fluid in the huge network of any industry around the globe. What is Piping ? Piping is an assembly of pipe, pipe fittings, valves, instruments and speci...

There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include: ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.) ASME B31.3 Process piping ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids and oil and gas ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems ASME B31.9 Building services piping ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4) ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles. API - American Petroleum Institute API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industries—Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems. CWB - Canadian Welding Bur...

WHY IT IS REQUIRED ? Selection of proper material and detail out the material specification. Standardization can and does reduce cost, inconvenience and confusion that result from unnecessary and undesirable difference in systems. One of main objective of each code is to ensure public and industrial safety. DEFINITIONS:- Industry standard are published by professional societies, committees and trade organizations. It can be broadly classified into the following categories...... CODE STANDARDS RECOMMENDED PRACTICES CODE :- A group of general rules r systematic procedures for design, fabrication, installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into law. STANDARDS :- Documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are believed to be good and proper engineering practices and which contain mandatory requirements. RECOMMENDED PRACTICES:- Documents prepared by a professional group or committ...

Commonly Used ASTM Materials in Process and Power Plants : CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL LOW ALLOY STEEL LOW TEMP. CARBON STEEL FORGINGS A105 A182 Gr F 304 1 Cr 1/2 Moly A 182 Gr F12 A350 Gr LF-2 A182 Gr F 316 1 -1/4 Cr 1/2 Moly A182 Gr F11 A182 Gr F 321 5Cr 1/2 Moly A182 Gr F5 A182 Gr F 347 9Cr 1 Moly A182 Gr F9 CASTINGS A216 Gr WCB A351 Gr CF8 (SS 304) 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Moly A217 Gr WC6 A352 Gr LCB A351 Gr CF8 M(SS 316) 5 Cr 1/2 Moly A217 Gr C-5 A351 Gr CF8 C(SS 321) 9 Cr 1 Moly A217 Gr C-12 A351 Gr CF8 T(SS 347) PIPE A53 Gr B(WELDED/SEAMLESS) A312 Gr TP 304 (WELDED &SEAMLESS) 1 Cr 1/2 Moly A335 Gr P-12 A333 Gr-6 A106 Gr B(SEAMLESS ALWAYS) A312 Gr TP 316 (WELDED &SEAMLESS) 1-1/2 Cr 1/2 Moly A 335 Gr P-11 A671 API 5L Gr B (LINED PIPING) A312 Gr TP 321 (WELDED &SEAMLESS) 5Cr 1/2 Moly A335 Gr-P5 A672(ONLY FOR LARGE BORE) A312 Gr TP 347 (WELDED &SEAMLESS) 9Cr 1 Moly A335 Gr-P9 A409 1-1/4 Cr 1/2 Moly A691(ONLY WELDED) A358 Gr 304/316/321/347 (Class 1...

Piping Stress Analysis is the practice and discipline carried out behind the scenes of any piping design project to ensure structural and operational integrity, and optimal design. All piping systems are inevitably subjected to various kinds of loads in their design life cycle. These loads develop stresses in the arrangement. Pipe stress engineers typically analyze such systems for stress using reliable software such as Caesar II to check that the stress levels are within the permissible limits as defined by the codes/standards.  The following are some of the most common type of loads considered during stress analysis:- Wind Load: The majority of all piping system installations are indoors where the effects of wind loading can be neglected. However, there are sufficient numbers of outdoor piping installations where wind loading can be a significant design factor. Wind load, like dead weight, is a uniformly distributed load that acts along the entire length, or ...

Nowdays HVAC systems has become the most required industry standard for construction of new buildings.These system is used to provide Thermal Comfort like Heating and Cooling Services to Buildings. HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers  and hospitals, onboard vessels, and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors. The HVAC System Stands For - Heating, Ventilation, And Air Conditioning.    Heating :-   If the temperature out side is less than inside.Then Heating system is employed to generate Heat (warmth) for the buildings.    Ventilation :-       The ventilation process is used for Sending the air out f...

The most populer and comprehensive set of codes and standards used around the globe in mechanical design and construction are the ASME codes & standards.ASME is a not-for-profit professional organization. ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) ASME was founded in 1880 by Alexander Lyman Holley, Henry Rossiter Worthington, John Edison Sweet and Matthias N. Forney in response to numerous steam boiler pressure vessel failures.Known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices, ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations,holds numerous technical conferences and hundreds of professional development courses each year, and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs. The organization’s stated vision is to be the premier organization for promoting the art, science and practice of mechanical and multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences to the diverse communities throughout the world. Its stated mission...

AAE    Stands For - American Association of Engineers. ACI       Stands For -   American Concrete Institute ACRI      Stands For -   Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute A-E      Stands For -   Architect-engineer AEC      Stands For -   American Engineering Council AESC      Stands For -   American Engineering Standards Committee AFFFA      Stands For -   American Forged Fitting and Flange Association AIDD      Stands For -   American Institute of Design and Drafting AIME      Stands For -   American Institute of Mechanical Engineers AISC      Stands For -   American Institute of Steel Construction AISE      Stands For -   Association of Iron and Steel Engineers AISI      Stands For -   American Iron and Steel Institute AMAA    ...